Doxorubicin hydrochloride is a DNA intercalator and powerful cytotoxic agent. Once Doxorubicin hydrochloride associates with the DNA groove, a covalent linkage forms between a DNA base and the pendant sugar of the small molecule. The intercalation into DNA blocks the replication of DNA by blocking Topo II (Topoisomerase II). This general mechanism gives Doxorubicin hydrochloride efficacy in a wide range of different cell types. Additionally, the expression of the oncogenes c-Myc and c-Jun is also down regulated by the chemical and a significant correlation was reported between the level of expression of these genes and the degree of cell growth inhibition conferred by Doxorubicin hydrochloride. Doxorubicin hydrochloride is an inhibitor of AMPK, TERT and POLR. Doxorubicin hydrochloride is also known as Hydroxydaunorubicin Hydrochloride, DOX, and (8S,10S)-10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-8-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-1-methoxy-5,12-naphthacenedione, monohydrochloride.