1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, Hydrochloride (MPTP-HCl) is a dopaminergic neurotoxin that causes permanent symptoms of Parkinson′s disease by killing certain neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. For this reason, it can be useful in the study of Parkinson′s disease. Specifically, it acts by targeting the mitochondria of neurons, where it is converted to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). MPP+ is the active neurotoxin and inhibits mitochondrial complex I, leading to oxidative stress and neuronal death. In addition, MPTP-HCl affects dopamine metabolism and induces the release of glutamate. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, Hydrochloride is also known as MPTP hydrochloride and Dopaminergic neurotoxin.