Hemoglobin β also known as HBB is a critical component of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. Structurally, Hemoglobin β consists of a globin fold with eight alpha helices that pair with alpha globin chains to form the hemoglobin tetramer, each subunit binding a heme group containing an iron ion essential for oxygen binding. The precise arrangement and interaction of these alpha and beta subunits are crucial for the cooperative binding and release of oxygen, a property that enables efficient oxygen delivery to tissues. Alterations in the structure of Hemoglobin β can significantly impact hemoglobin function, leading to disorders such as sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia. Understanding the structure and function of Hemoglobin β is therefore vital for studying oxygen transport mechanisms and for the diagnosis and treatment of hemoglobinopathies.