Q99988

GDF-15 also known as PDF, MIC-1, PLAB, NAG-1, PTGF-β is a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. GDF-15 plays a crucial role in cellular responses to stress and inflammation. GDF-15 is synthesized intracellularly and secreted as a dimer linked by disulfide bonds, with highest expression in epithelial cells and macrophages, while maintaining wide distribution in adult tissues. GDF-15 is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid from the choroid plexus in the brain, highlighting importance in central nervous system function. p53 tumor suppressor protein regulates GDF-15 gene expression, and in cultured cerebellar granule neurons, GDF-15 prevents cell death by activating the Akt pathway while inhibiting ERK signaling. This trophic factor promotes cell survival and differentiation in specific neuronal populations.